By 1939, after Chinese victories in Changsha and Guangxi, and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the Chinese interior, the war reached a stalemate. Following the Sino-Soviet Treaty of 1937, strong material support helped the Nationalist Army of China and the Chinese Air Force continue to exert strong resistance against the Japanese offensive. After failing to stop the Japanese in the Battle of Wuhan, the Chinese central government was relocated to Chongqing (Chungking) in the Chinese interior. From 1931 to 1937, China and Japan continued to skirmish in small, localized engagements, so-called "incidents".įollowing the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the Japanese scored major victories, capturing Beijing, Shanghai and the Chinese capital of Nanjing in 1937, which resulted in the Rape of Nanjing.
The Chinese were defeated and Japan created a new puppet state, Manchukuo many historians cite 1931 as the beginning of the war. In 1931, the Mukden Incident helped spark the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. This faction was led at its height by the Hideki Tojo cabinet of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association under edict from Emperor Hirohito. All of this contributed to militant nationalism, culminating in the rise to power of a militarist faction. Increasing textile production from Chinese mills was adversely affecting Japanese production and the Great Depression brought about a large slowdown in exports. Leftists sought universal suffrage and greater rights for workers. The period after World War I brought about increasing stress on the Japanese policy. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist policy to expand its influence politically and militarily in order to secure access to raw material reserves, food, and labor. The war has been called "the Asian holocaust." It accounted for the majority of civilian and military casualties in the Pacific War, with between 10 and 25 million Chinese civilians and over 4 million Chinese and Japanese military personnel missing or dying from war-related violence, famine, and other causes. The Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th century. Other scholars consider the start of the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 to have been the beginning of World War II. Some scholars consider the European War and the Pacific War to be entirely separate, albeit concurrent, wars. After the Japanese attacks on Malaya and Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war merged with other conflicts which are generally categorized under those conflicts of World War II as a major sector known as the China Burma India Theater. This full-scale war between the Chinese and the Empire of Japan is often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia.Ĭhina fought Japan with aid from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom and the United States. The beginning of the war is conventionally dated to the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937, when a dispute between Japanese and Chinese troops in Peking escalated into a full-scale invasion.
The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War. The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.
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